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This image details how the birch bark is held in place at the top of the canoe by  the two sides of the gunwale on each side.  The bark is sandwiched between two pieces of cedar that has been steamed and formed to create the sweep and curve or the top side.  The configuration is held together with spruce root lashing.  The root is soaked in water then split and quartered.  It serves as good binding material for the sandwich configuration.  A cedar cross brace is shown.  The detail reveals how the inside of the gunwale is mortised and each end is held in place by a wooden peg.  All materials in these canoes are natural and the technology to produce them is ancient.  The most modern tool used to create these remarkable watercraft is a hammer.  This labor of love takes the definition of 'hand-made' to a whole new level.